Roulette Payouts and Odds
Before we get any deeper into roulette payouts and odds for different types of roulette or even different bets, it is important to understand the difference between roulette payouts and roulette odds.
While these two terms are often used interchangeably, they aren’t actually the same, at least not in the case of many casino games, including roulette.
What’s the Difference Between Roulette Payouts and Roulette Odds
In theory, odds and payouts should be the same, but the reason why they aren’t lies in the house edge. Online casinos make sure that they have the advantage in any casino game and the same is true for roulette.
This advantage is presented as the house edge, which differs for American and European (or French) roulette. American roulette has a double zero, unlike European and French roulettes, which have just one zero.
For example, the odds of winning in American roulette are 37:1 for a straight-up bet, compared to 36:1 in European or French roulette. However, the payout for all roulette types for this type of bet is 35:1 and the difference between the odds and the payout is the house edge.
How Big Is the House Edge for Each Roulette Version?
Overall, the house edge for American roulette is 5.26%, while the house edge for both European and French roulette is 2.70%, for all types of bets except one — the First Five (Basket) bet in American roulette, which has an even higher house edge of 7.89%.
In addition to this, some versions of European and French roulette have the En Prison and La Partage rules in place, which reduce the house edge from 2.70% to just 1.35%.
En Prison rule says that if the ball lands on zero, your stake is put “in prison” until the next spin, when you can either win or lose the bet (or if it lands on zero again, the stake remains “in prison” for the next spin, and so on).
Meanwhile, the La Partage rule says that if the ball lands on zero, you get half of your stake back instead of losing it all. After all, the name of the rule translates to “sharing” or “dividing”, so you and the casino divide your stake in this case.
Roulette Bets
Now that we made a distinction between roulette odds and payouts, it’s time to take a closer look at the types of bets you can place when you play different versions of roulette.
We will also explain the odds and payouts for each of those bets for each of the three most basic roulette variants.
Roulette Outside Bets
The first type of roulette bets are outside bets, which provide the best chance of winning since they come with 2:1 or 1:1 odds.
So, let’s quickly check out what outside bets you can make at roulette and what they mean exactly.
- Red/Black — This is one of the most popular and simplest bets in roulette, in which the players try to guess whether the ball will fall on a red or black number on the wheel.
- Odd/Even — Just like the previous bet, this one also has even odds of winning since you’re covering half of the numbers, excluding zero and double zero. The goal is to guess whether the ball will fall on an odd or even number.
- High/Low — The third and last of the bets with even odds in roulette in which the players try to guess whether the ball will fall into the first half of numbers (1-18) or in the second half (19-36).
- Columns — The roulette table on which you place bets has a layout with three columns, each containing twelve numbers. You can bet on them and if the ball falls on a number from the corresponding column, you win the bet, with the payout being 2:1.
- Dozens — Another outside bet with 2:1 payout odds. The goal here is to guess whether the next number will be from the first, second, or third dozen of numbers, i.e.1-12, 13-24, or 25-36.
Outside Bets Payouts and Odds
| Bet type | Payout | European roulette odds | American roulette odds |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red or black | 1:1 | 48.65% | 47.37% |
| Odd or even | 1:1 | 48.65% | 47.37% |
| High or low | 1:1 | 48.65% | 47.37% |
| Column | 2:1 | 32.4% | 31.6% |
| Dozen | 2:1 | 32.4% | 31.6% |
Roulette Inside Bets
In addition to the outside bets, roulette also has inside bets, which come with much better odds, but also a smaller chance of winning the bet.
So, let’s take a better look at these inside bets, what they mean exactly, and how good the odds of placing them are.
- Straight Up — Straight bets are bets placed on any individual number, so it is pretty much the toughest bet you can place with the lowest chance of winning. However, it is also a bet with the best payout, 35:1.
- Split — Split bet means betting on a line that separates two numbers, effectively covering both of them. The potential payout for this bet is 17:1.
- Street — Also known as trio or steam bets, street bets entail betting on any three numbers in a row. For example, 1,2,3, or 8,9,10. If the ball falls on any of those numbers, the payout is 11:1.
- Corner — These bets are also called four-number of square bets. To place this bet, you have to put your chips on the line that connects four numbers on the table, which means that you’re betting on the four numbers in question. The payout for this bet is 11:1.
- Line — This is a bet similar to the street bet, but instead of three numbers in one row, you cover two rows of three numbers. That’s why this is also known as the six-number bet or even a double street bet and the payout here is 5:1.
- Basket — The basket bet is only available in American roulette and it is a bet that covers the first five numbers, i.e. 00, 0, 1, 2, and 3. The potential payout is 6:1.
Inside Bet Payouts and Odds
| Bet type | Payout | European roulette odds | American roulette odds |
|---|---|---|---|
| Straight bet | 35:1 | 2.7% | 2.6% |
| Split bet | 17:1 | 5.4% | 5.3% |
| Street bet | 11:1 | 8.1% | 7.9% |
| Corner bet | 8:1 | 10.8% | 10.5% |
| Basket bet | 6:1 | N/A | 13.2% |
As you can see from the table, in some cases it pays more to bet on individual numbers separately than to place another bet to cover multiple numbers. For example, the potential payout for individual numbers is 35:1, while the payout for a split bet is 17:1. So, it is better to cover the two numbers individually than to place a split bet on them.
That being said, most roulette tables online have certain limits for each bet type, including the straight bet and once you reach that limit, you have to place other bets if you want to bet even more.
Call Bets
Call bets are only available in French and European roulette, not in American roulette. They are called this way because you’re supposed to call out your bet instead of placing the chips yourself when playing in live casinos.
Of course, when playing online, you simply place these bets just like any other, even if you’re playing live roulette.
So, let’s take a look at these call bets and what they mean.
- Voisins du Zero — This expression translates to “close to zero”, so it is a bet that covers numbers that are “neighbouring” zero. In total, this bet covers nine numbers, including 22, 18, 29, 7, 28, 12, 35, 3, 26, 0, 32, 15, 19, 4, 21, 2, and 25.
- Jeu Zero — This means “zero game” and it is similar to the previous bet, but it covers fewer numbers that are close to zero, namely 12, 35, 3, 26, 0, 32, and 15.
- Tiers du Cylindre — This translates to “thirds of the wheel” and it is a bet that covers twelve numbers in a row on the wheel, which are 27, 13, 36, 11, 30, 8, 23, 10, 5, 24, 16, and 33.
- Orphelins — This bet covers the numbers not covered by either Voisin du Zero or Tiers du Cylindre bets, which is why this term means “orphans” since they don’t belong to either of those two bets. In total, you cover eight numbers on opposite sides of the wheel, five on one and three on the other. Those numbers are 17, 34, 6, 1, 20, 14, 31, and 9.
How to Improve Your Odds at Roulette?
It is important to keep in mind that you can’t really improve your odds at roulette since the odds are what they are.
However, there are some things to do to learn how to win at roulette, or at least improve your chances of winning since it’s not possible to win at roulette consistently.
Learn All About Roulette Before Playing
It is important to come to the roulette table already prepared with knowledge or you might lose money while trying to figure things out.
One of the things to know is what the bets are and what are the odds of winning for each bet, which we’ve explained in this article.
Choose the Type of Roulette Wisely
We covered the main differences between the three most common roulette versions already, so use that to choose which of them to play.
To reiterate, we suggest playing either French or European roulette since these two versions have significantly lower house edges than American roulette.
Place Outside and Be Patient
While placing inside bets can bring a bigger payout when you win, the chances of winning aren’t that great, especially if you want to chase the biggest payout and place straight bets.
Instead, go with outside bets since you’re more likely to win that way, even if you’re not going to win as much. However, if you’re patient and go on a good streak, you can still get some nice wins on outside bets as well.
Stick to Your Budget
The key to gambling responsibly, whether you’re playing roulette or any other online casino game, is to never bet more than you can afford to lose. After all, the casino always has the edge and the players always lose in the long run.
So, decide what your bankroll or budget is even before you start betting, and stick to placing bets that won’t eat too much of your budget at once. For example, we recommend betting up to 5% of your existing bankroll at most per spin.
Key Takeaways
- Roulette payouts and odds are not the same. The odds present your chances of winning the bet, while the payout represents how much you can actually win. The difference between the two is the house edge.
- There are three main types of roulette you can play at online casinos — American, European, and French. American roulette has an additional number, double zero, so it has a bigger house edge and lower odds compared to the other two.
- There are two main types of bets you can place, which are outside bets and inside bets. European and French roulettes also have call bets.
- The odds and payouts differ from one roulette version to another, so it’s important to know them before you start playing roulette online.
Test Roulette Knowledge at Indian Casinos
We hope that we were able to explain to you what are the roulette odds and payouts and that you now understand the difference and how they work.
If you want to test this knowledge and have some fun by playing roulette, you can check out our list of the best online casinos in India where you can play different versions of the game.
-
Puntit Casino1000+ slots, 5000+ total games, accurate odds, popular live dealer games, user-friendly & localised experience for Indian players, fast withdrawals, and a generous VIP program are the key highlights of this secure online casino and sportsbook.
-
Casino DaysCasino Days is an online casino with over 4000 games, including slots, table games, live casino games, and live game shows.
-
Rajabets CasinoRajabets Casino has a wide range of casino games, multiple deposit and withdrawal options, and reliable customer support available through email, phone, and live chat.
-
Pin-Up CasinoPin-Up Casino offers 10,000+ games across nearly 100 game providers, 20+ promotions, and some convenient, user-friendly functionalities such as UPI deposits, live streaming, and crypto withdrawals.
-
BC.Game CasinoBC.Game Casino offers 9000+ slots, top-tier betting, and a sleek, mobile-friendly UI. This multi-award-winning platform has some support and reputation issues.
-
WinWin CasinoWinWin Casino has slots from 100+ providers, live casino, and betting. With fast UPI, bank, and crypto transactions, it has a dated UI & unfriendly welcome bonus terms.
-
LuckyNiki CasinoLuckyNiki Casino offers 4500+ slots, live games, and sports betting, with a user-friendly design, solid game info, and local payment options.
-
Bons CasinoWith a generous welcome package with 25x wagering, 6800+ slots, fast UPI payments, and user-friendly sports betting, Bons Casino has a lot of hits, but a few misses too.
-
SpinBetter CasinoSpinBetter is an excellent Indian casino with fast withdrawals and some of the most generous perks across slots and sports betting.
-
Bitsler CasinoBitsler is a crypto casino active in several European and Asian markets, including India. The only available payment method is cryptocurrency. The casino has a solid track record of offering generous bonuses, fast withdrawals, top game providers, and reliable odds across sports and markets including cricket.
-
Bets.io CasinoBets.io Casino offers 8000+ slots, 700+ table games, and 50+ sports. A secure crypto casino with fast transactions, generous bonuses, but lacks INR support.
-
Krundi CasinoKrundi is a new Indian online casino with 47 slot game providers, live casino games, and sports betting. It is a new casino and might not be the best deal for all players.
-
PariPesa CasinoWith many bonus offers, casino games, and sports betting to boot, PariPesa Casino is one of the most interesting online casino options for Indian players.
-
9Winz Casino9Winz Casino is a relatively new casino established in 2021 and features over 9,400 games, provided by well-known software developers. Additionally, 9Winz offers various bonuses.
-
Drip CasinoDrip Casino boasts a huge number of casino games and sports betting options, along with many bonuses and promotions.
-
Wild.io CasinoWild.io Casino offers thousands of games and hundreds of sports betting markets. It is a crypto-only casino with fast transactions and a modern, sleek UI.
-
Bluechip CasinoBluechip Casino is an India-exclusive online casino featuring ~9000 slots, 750+ live casino, and 30+ sports to bet on, among other game and bet types. This reputed casino features fast UPI and crypto deposits and has a surprisingly large variety of Indian favourites such as Andar Bahar and Teen Patti.
-
Megapari CasinoMegapari Casino offers a wide selection of games, competitive odds, and a variety of promotions. While the platform is feature-rich, its dated design can be a drawback.
-
Winz CasinoWinz Casino is a reliable casino that caters to players who appreciate cryptocurrency gambling. It offers a wide range of games, including live dealer options.
-
Fresh CasinoFresh Casino offers a wide range of casino games, including slots, table games, and card games, along with a generous welcome bonus for new players.
-
Jet CasinoJet Casino is a safe platform for Indian players to enjoy 1,000+ casino games from various providers. The site also offers different bonuses, tournaments, and a VIP Program.
-
SapphireBet CasinoSapphireBet is an online casino known for having a huge selection of games from the best software providers, along with an in-house poker platform.
-
SpinDay CasinoSpinDay Casino’s strength lies in quality over quantity—whether it comes to curating the best slot games from leading providers or giving fast, local payment methods. This new online casino caters to the Indian player base with localised options.
-
Big Boost CasinoBig Boost Casino has a diverse selection of over 4,000 games from renowned developers, a generous welcome bonus, and various payment options, including cryptocurrency.
-
Lucky Spins CasinoThousands of slot games and hundreds of live games offered by 60+ game providers will keep you company here. There is no betting and the chat is very slow. Fast UPI and crypto deposits.
-
MostBet Casino15,600+ slots, 180+ game providers, 20+ sports to bet on, accurate cricket odds. MostBet Casino is one of the top Indian casinos with UPI, crypto, bank payments.
-
BitStarz CasinoBitStarz Casino is a reliable gambling site known for accepting Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, along with having a variety of games and bonuses.
-
JeetWin CasinoJeetWin Casino is a popular gambling platform in India, with an extensive collection of games, including slots, table games, live casino games, and sports betting.
-
LuckyDreams CasinoWith more than 6,000 casino games and a great selection of daily promotions, LuckyDreams Casino has a lot to offer.
-
Spinarium CasinoIn our Spinarium Casino review, find out why this online casino is great for Indian players, with 9000+ slots and generous perks.
-
Planbet CasinoPlanbet Casino offers a great experience for Indian players with a focus on cricket betting, generous bonuses, and a vast collection of slots and table games. Explore our in-depth review for all the details.
-
Batery CasinoBatery Casino offers 11,600+ slots, 380+ live casino games, and a strong sportsbook with INR support, but lacks live streaming for in-play events and advanced responsible gambling tools.
-
BetBolt CasinoBetBolt Casino is a new online casino in India that offers a solid number of casino games, a cricket sportsbook, and a generous welcome package.
-
Casumo CasinoCasumo Casino offers a wide selection of games, a generous welcome bonus, frequent tournaments, and a loyalty program that rewards players with various perks.
-
Parimatch CasinoParimatch Casino is a legitimate and secure online casino operating since 1994. The site offers many casino games, various payment methods, and attractive bonuses.
-
CricV CasinoCricV Casino is an online casino accessible in India with an extensive collection of games, including slots, table games, card games, live casino games, sports betting, and bingo.
-
Sol CasinoSol Casino is an online gambling platform that accepts Indian rupees and cryptocurrencies for deposits and has more than 3,000 casino games you can play.
-
10CRIC Casino10CRIC Casino is a reliable online casino that boasts an impressive game selection that includes slots, table games, live casino, sports betting, and many more.
-
Leon Bet CasinoRenowned for fair gaming, Leon Bet Casino distinguishes itself with a diverse game library, generous bonuses, and a superior app, enhancing the player experience.
-
Bettilt CasinoBettilt Casino is a legitimate and secure casino that operates in India. The site has many games from popular providers and different types of promotions and bonuses.
-
Bitcasino.ioBitcasino.io is an online casino established in 2014. It has many games, a user-friendly mobile app, a VIP program, and various tournaments for players to enjoy.
-
Tusk CasinoTusk Casino is a reputable casino with different types of games and a live casino section. They also provide a welcome bonus of up to 10,000 INR.
-
Crickex CasinoCrickex Casino is a well-known online casino in India that has a dedicated mobile app, different payment options that include cryptocurrencies, and a quick registration process.
-
1win Casino1win Casino has an impressive selection of casino games, with more than 10,000 games to choose from, in addition to sports betting and other exciting features.
-
WinCity CasinoWinCity is a novel online casino, sportsbook, and esports betting platform that launched globally in 2024. It’s available in several languages, including Hindi, showing its dedication to the Indian market.
-
Lucky7even Casino ReviewLucky7even Casino has slots, live games, a lucrative VIP program, ₹1.74L + 200 FS welcome package, and more, but comes with incomplete Indian localisation.
-
Queen Vegas CasinoQueen Vegas Casino is a reliable online casino with over 1,200 games, including progressive jackpots and live casino games, plus a variety of bonuses and promotions.
-
JungliWin CasinoJungliWin Casino is a casino with a very good reputation that accepts Indian Rupees as well as cryptocurrencies. The casino provides over 2,000 games and numerous bonuses.
-
JVSpin CasinoJVSpin Casino holds a reputable Curacao gaming license, has a generous welcome bonus for Indian players, and over 9,200 casino games, ensuring a diverse gambling experience.
-
Casinonic CasinoCasinonic Casino is an online gambling platform with a large games library, many payment options, and a great bonus selection, including a generous welcome offer.
-
RickyCasinoRicky Casino is a user-friendly gambling website with plenty of games to choose from and a variety of payment options, including cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin.
-
PlayGrand CasinoPlayGrand Casino provides 2000+ casino games and offers various deposit methods, including Paytm, UPI, Neteller, Google Pay, and more, while also accepting Rupees as a currency.
-
Flappy CasinoFlappy Casino is new casino, licensed in Curacao, offers over 7,500 games and supports multiple currencies, including cryptocurrencies. With strong security measures like blockchain transactions, RNGs, and SSL encryption, the platform ensures fair play. Generous bonuses and mobile optimization enhance the gaming experience.
-
MegaDice CasinoThis crypto casino offers more than 3,000 games, sports betting, generous promotions and bonuses, and much more.
-
CasinoLuckTrusted online platform, CasinoLuck, captivates with an extensive array of reputable developer games, minimal wagering requirements, and a consistent surge of great promotions and bonuses.
-
Fun CasinoFun Casino is a casino with a good reputation, more than 1,000 games, and a welcome bonus of 100% on your first deposit on the site.
-
SG CasinoSG Casino has a diverse section of games with more than 6,000 titles, plus sports betting. The casino also has a good number of popular payment methods.
-
Casinoly CasinoCasinoly Casino has a good selection of games and providers, a top-tier VIP programme, and a variety of payment methods, which also includes cryptocurrencies.
-
Powbet CasinoPowbet Casino accepts players from many countries, including India. In addition to its huge selection of casino games, you can also bet on sports at this website.
-
Metaspins CasinoMetaspins Casino features an intuitive, user-friendly layout on its site where you can play more than 2,500 games and claim interesting promotions and bonuses.
-
Shangri La CasinoShangri La Casino offers a variety of casino games, more than 2,500, along with sports betting, as well as a nice selection of welcome bonuses for both.
-
Dafabet CasinoDafabet is one of the oldest online sportsbooks. With a strong focus on Asian matches and reliable odds, it offers excellent localised support for Indian players.
-
Rabona CasinoRabona Casino operates in many countries, including India. The site has a variety of games you can play, plenty of promotions, and customer support available 24/7.
-
BetIndi CasinoBetIndi is a fun casino website with a sophisticated layout that has a variety of bonuses and promotions. In addition to casino games, BetIndi also offers sports betting.
-
Glassi CasinoGlassi Casino is a legitimate casino with an impressive library of more than 5,000 games, including slots, table games, and live casino games, provided by renowned developers.
-
BetPlays CasinoBetPlays casino is known for having a good selection of virtual sports games, along with many other casino games. It also has an attractive welcome offer for new players.
-
GGBet CasinoGGBet Casino allows players to use numerous methods for payments, including cryptocurrencies. In addition to many casino games, the casino's live chat support also stands out.
-
888Starz Casino888Starz Casino has a great selection of payment options and 9,000+ games you can play, including lottery. It also has a mobile app for both Android and iOS.
-
Gamdom CasinoGamdom Casino offers a variety of casino games, more than 4,000 of different casino game types, plus numerous sports and eSports for their sports betting fans.
-
Indibet CasinoDespite it's relatively modest number of casino games, Indibet Casino is a solid option for Indian players looking for a reliable casino and sportsbook.
-
Hugewin CasinoHugewin Casino is the self-proclaimed “largest online crypto casino” in the world—offering a Mega Jackpot, 49 slot game providers, a 100% welcome bonus, and high maximum deposit limits.
-
BetOnGame CasinoWith 11,400+ slots, top-notch sports betting, and a huge selection of other games, BetOnGame Casino is a leading UPI-supported online casino for Indians.
-
Melbet CasinoMelbet Casino is a reliable online casino with a wide range of casino games and a sports betting section. The casino has strong customer support as well.
-
CricBaba CasinoCricBaba Casino offers a huge selection of casino games, including live dealer games. The casino accepts various payment options, including cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin.
-
Sportsbet.io CasinoSportsbet.io Casino has a great interface that's user-friendly and works well on mobile devices too. You can find more than 4,600 casino games at this website.
-
Cazimbo CasinoCazimbo Casino is a trustworthy casino that offers a wide range of games and attractive bonuses for players while also accepting Indian Rupees and cryptocurrencies as payment options.
-
SlotsPalace CasinoSlotsPalace Casino is an international, Bitcoin-friendly casino that has a great selection of games from various software providers and numerous payment methods available for use.
-
Empire.io CasinoEmpire.io Casino is known for regular promotions, exclusive high-roller live games, and a great casino game selection. They also have bonuses without wagering requirements.
-
Thunderpick CasinoWith more than 3,000 casino games to go with sports and eSports betting, Thunderpick Casino is one of the most interesting online casinos in India.
-
Bollywood CasinoBollywood Casino has plenty of casino games from different providers, many promotions and bonuses, and customer support in Hindi, on a fun, user-friendly website.
-
Dolfwin Casino6500+ slot games, football-focused sportsbook, and an easy-to-use interface make Dolfwin Casino a top Indian platform. It accepts UPI, crypto, e-wallets, and net banking.
-
Pikebit CasinoWith more than 4,000 casino games and a generous welcome package, Pikebit Casino is certainly an interesting option for casino lovers from India.
-
BetWinner CasinoBetwinner Casino offers more than 4,000 casino games to Indian players, a wide range of payment options, and a few interesting bonuses and promotions.
-
FEZBet CasinoFezBet Casino is an online gambling platform with a mobile-friendly interface, reliable customer support, and a generous welcome offer for new casino players.
-
Zet CasinoZet Casino offers a lot of casino games to choose from, including live casino games. It also has an exciting VIP programme and a variety of payment methods.
-
Maharaja Fortune CasinoMaharaja Fortune Casino offers more than 3,000 casino games, but they also provide sports betting to their players, including virtual games like cricket and kabaddi.
-
24Slots Casino24Slots Casino has an extensive collection of games from multiple providers, with a live chat available at all times and a few different promotions and bonuses.
-
Odds96 CasinoOdds96 Casino is a secure casino that provides over 3,000 different types of casino games, along with sports betting. The casino offers many deposit options, including UPI and AstroPay.
-
JackBit CasinoJackBit Casino is a relatively new site with more than 7,000 casino games. It has 24/7 customer support and is optimised for mobile and desktop devices.
-
Roku CasinoRoku Casino is a reliable casino focused on safety and design. It also holds a diverse library of over 4,000 games, including slots, table games, live casino, and sports betting.
-
4Rabet Casino4Rabet Casino is a well-organised website with a lot of casino games, live poker rooms, and sports betting that includes a great selection of cricket betting options.
-
20Bet Casino20Bet Casino is a safe gambling platform for both casino and sports betting enthusiasts. It offers a wide range of payment methods, including Skrill, Paytm, UPI, and more.
-
22Bet Casino22Bet Casino is known for having attractive bonuses and promotions and a wide variety of casino games. It also provides great customer support for its players.
-
Jackpot City CasinoJackpot City Casino is a well-established online casino that has a massive selection of games, including live dealer games. The casino is optimised for desktop and mobile devices.
-
Spin CasinoSpin Casino is a casino website with a unique layout, which is also present in their mobile app. It has a good choice of casino games and reliable customer support.
-
7Cric Casino7Cric casino has disappeared without a trade. It is not recommended.
Frequently Asked Questions
The three outside bets have nearly even odds, which are the best odds regardless of the roulette version. This includes Red/Black, Odd/Even, and High/Low bets.
The highest payout in roulette is 35:1, which is reserved for straight bets, i.e. betting on numbers individually.
The answer to this question depends on many variables, especially on the type of bets you place at roulette and those other games. That being said, if we consider the best roulette odds or chance of winning for certain outside bets, they are pretty similar to the probability of winning for the safest bets at other games like blackjack or baccarat.
No, the chances for each of the numbers coming up in any given spin are always the same — one in 37 in European and French roulettes and one in 38 in American roulette. Of course, some numbers may come up more often than others in certain time periods, but overall, all numbers have the same probability of coming up at any given time.
